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Home World Europe France

Exploring Jurisdiction in Investment Arbitration: Interdependence of Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae and Ratione Temporis

12 February 2025
in Arbitral Institutions' Spotlights, Arbitration, Europe, France, Investor-State Arbitration, Legal Insights, World, Worldwide Perspectives
Exploring Jurisdiction in Investment Arbitration: Interdependence of Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae and Ratione Temporis

Review of Awards: Court of Cassation (Chamber 1), 9 October 2024, No. 23-14.368, Etrak v. Libya


THE AUTHOR:
Jad El Hage, Legal Counsel at the Center of Mediation and Arbitration of Paris (CMAP), and PhD Candidate and Teaching Fellow at Paris Dauphine University


  • English
  • French

The Etrak v. Libya case concerns several construction projects in Libya, which entailed the conclusion of public works contracts between Libyan entities and the Turkish company Etrak Insaat Taahhรผt Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi (hereinafter โ€œEtrakโ€ or โ€œInvestorโ€) in the 1980s. In 1991, the investor decided to suspend the performance of the contracts due to unpaid invoices by the State. A settlement agreement โ€“ modifying the conditions of compliance with a decision by Libyan courts ordering the Libyan State to pay the invoices in addition to damages โ€“ was signed on 9 December 2013 between the parties. This settlement agreement offered a temporary glimmer of hope, later dissipated by its annulment by Libyan courts (See North Tripoli First Instance Court, 2 May 2019). The non-performance of the settlement agreement led the investor to resort to arbitration under the Libya – Turkey Bilateral Investment Treaty (2009) (hereinafter โ€œBITโ€) (On the entry into force of this BIT, see: Judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal (Department 5 – Chamber 16) 19/19834 of 28 September 2021). The seat of arbitration was chosen as Geneva, Switzerland. On 22 July 2019, the arbitral tribunal issued a Final Award in which it upheld its jurisdiction and ordered Libya to pay more than USD 21 million in damages to the investor. This award was challenged for annulment, but the Swiss Federal Tribunal rejected this challenge in its Judgment 4A_461/2019 of 2 November 2020. On 10 April 2021, the Higher Regional Court of Munich rejected the request for recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award in Order 34 Sch 3/20. The investor then applied for enforcement in France, and the president of the Paris Judicial Court issued an order granting the enforcement of the arbitral award in France. The State of Libya appealed this decision before the Paris Court of Appeal, which upheld the order for enforcement in its Judgment 21/06118 of 14 March 2023. However, the French Court of Cassation overturned this decision with a Judgment 23-14.368 of 9 October 2024, which is the subject of this commentary. This annulment impacted the request for enforcement of the North Tripoli First Instance Courtโ€™s judgment of 2 May 2019, which had annulled the settlement.

The issue before the French enforcement judge was, in particular, whether the arbitral tribunal had jurisdiction to resolve the dispute. The interaction between ratione materiae and ratione temporis jurisdiction is of particular interest in this analysis. The other components of an arbitral tribunalโ€™s jurisdiction in investment arbitration will not be addressed, as they are not contested in the challenge against the award in question. Other grounds, such as public policy, will also not be discussed.

On the merits, the Paris Court of Appeal considered that the arbitral tribunal had jurisdiction by addressing, first, ratione materiae jurisdiction, qualifying the โ€œclaims to moneyโ€ arising from the settlement agreement as an investment, and then addressing ratione temporis jurisdiction, qualifying the dispute arising from the non-performance of the settlement agreement as new, notably because it definitively ended the original dispute (we refer to a new dispute as one that falls under the ratione temporis jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal). However, the Court of Cassation questioned this jurisdiction. Let us examine the details.

To recall, Article 1(2) of the BIT defines โ€œinvestmentโ€ as: โ€œThe term “investment”, in conformity with the hosting Contracting party’s laws and regulations, shall include every kind of asset in particular, but not exclusively : [โ€ฆ] (b) returns reinvested, claims to money or any other rights having financial value related to an investment, [โ€ฆ].โ€

Article 10 of the BIT concerning its temporal scope provides: โ€œThe present Agreement shall apply to investments in the territory of a Contracting Party made in accordance with its laws and regulations by investors of the other Contracting Party before or after the entry into force of this Agreement. However, this Agreement shall not apply to disputes that have arisen before its entry into force.โ€ (Readers may recall that in the Oschadbank v. Russia case, the Court of Cassation excluded from the scope of the review of awards the issue of the timing of the investmentโ€™s realization, as it pertains to the merits). The dispute resolution clause, which forms the basis for arbitration, is found in Article 8 of this treaty and Article 8(4)(a) limits the BIT scope to โ€œonly the disputes arising directly out of investment activities [โ€ฆ]โ€.

To address the general issue of the arbitral tribunalโ€™s jurisdiction, two questions must be answered:

  1. Whether the claim arising from the settlement agreement constitutes an investment (ratione materiae jurisdiction), and,
  2. Whether the dispute submitted to the arbitral tribunal arose after the entry into force of the treaty (ratione temporis jurisdiction).

The Paris Court of Appeal already dealt with these two issues in the รœstay v. Libya case (Judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal (Department 5 – Chamber 16) 21/01507 of 23 January 2024, see commentary: Sophie Lemaire, Revue de lโ€™arbitrage 2024, nยฐ 2, p. 646). Also, it is worth recalling that the ICSID arbitral tribunal, in the CMC v. Mozambique case, had the opportunity to decide in its award of 24 October 2019 that financial claims arising from a settlement agreement constituted an investment within the meaning of the applicable BIT in this case (CMC v. Mozambique, Award, 24 October 2019, para. 175).

Regarding ratione materiae jurisdiction, the Court of Cassation emphasized that for the settlement claim (by โ€œsettlement claimโ€, we refer to the claims to money arising from the settlement agreement) to qualify as an investment under Article 1(2)(b) of the BIT, it must be linked to an investment activity (by “investment activity”, we refer to the investment operation to which the claims to money must be linked in order to be qualified as an investment within the meaning of Article 1(2)(b) of the BIT). In the case at hand, since the settlement claim did not stem from the 1980 investment, the Court of Cassation held that the settlement claims did not relate to an investment activity and thus did not constitute an investment under the treaty.

Regarding ratione temporis jurisdiction, the practical importance of this issue is that the investor could not rely on the non-performance of the public works contracts, as this dispute arose before the treaty entered into force. The only hope for the investor was to qualify the claims arising from the settlement agreement as an investment, in other words, to argue that the dispute related to the non-performance of the settlement agreement was a new and autonomous dispute, arising after the entry into force of the treaty and related to an investment under the treaty.

After pointing out the findings of the Court of Appeal, which held that the claim arising from the settlement agreement, considered in isolation, did not constitute an investment under the treaty, the Court of Cassation triggered the following question: Is there a link between the investment (settlement claim) and the investment activity (1980 contracts), and what are the implications of this link regarding the tribunalโ€™s ratione materiae and ratione temporis jurisdiction?

According to the Court of Cassation, if such a link exists, the settlement claim constitutes an investment (ratione materiae jurisdiction). However, the dispute did not arise after the entry into force of the treaty because it was linked to a dispute predating the treaty concerning the non-performance of the public contracts (ratione temporis jurisdiction). On the other hand, if no such link exists, the settlement claim is not an investment, and the question of ratione temporis jurisdiction need not be addressed.

The Court of Cassationโ€™s reasoning results in the link between the investment and the investment activity influencing ratione temporis jurisdiction, even though this link is only relevant for ratione materiae jurisdiction. A condition in the BIT has seen its scope extended beyond its original intention in the treaty text. Therefore, the link between the settlement agreement and the 1980 investment activity implies a link between the dispute arising from the settlement agreement and the previous dispute arising from the 1980 contracts, which excludes the arbitral tribunalโ€™s ratione temporis jurisdiction.

To determine the date of the dispute in question and assess its novelty, the Court of Cassation referred to the Court of Appealโ€™s finding that the claims arising from the 1980 contracts and those from the settlement agreement were different. There is no incompatibility between the difference in the cause of action of the claims (i.e., the dispute is different) and the common economic source of the claims, which is the 1980 investment activity. Two things can be different yet connected: the content and legal source of the claims may differ, even though their economic origin is the same.

The settlement agreement is inherently a resolution of a prior dispute; therefore, we are in a situation where a new condition is added to the treaty: the dispute resolved by the settlement agreement must arise after the entry into force of the treaty (The Court of Cassation has previously ruled against adding a condition to the treaty that is not provided for in its terms: Garcรญa Armas and Garcรญa Gruber v. Venezuela, Judgment of the French Court of Cassation (First Civil Chamber) 20-16.714, 1 December 2021). The fact that the dispute regarding the non-performance of the settlement agreement arose after the treatyโ€™s entry into force is not enough. It is important to recall that Article 10 of the BIT only requires that disputes arise after its entry into force, excluding those that arose before. Thus, the key criterion is the date on which the dispute was crystallized, and only an identity between the disputes arising from the non-performance of the original contracts and the non-performance of the settlement agreement would exclude ratione temporis jurisdiction, not a mere relationship between these disputes.

In its reasoning, the Court of Cassation criticizes the Court of Appealโ€™s findings for allegedly being self-contradictory. On the one hand, the Court of Appeal, in order to uphold ratione temporis jurisdiction, stated that the dispute was autonomous with respect to the 1980 contracts. On the other hand, the Court of Appeal also recognized that this settlement-related dispute was connected to the 1980 contracts, in order to uphold ratione materiae jurisdiction. However, the connection between the disputes is an economic link, not a legal one. As the Court of Appeal explained, the legal dispute related to the settlement agreement is new: concessions, damages, etc. The economic link exists between the disputes, but it is not relevant for ratione temporis jurisdiction. The economic link between the investment operations (settlement claim and 1980 contracts) is relevant for ratione materiae jurisdiction (to qualify as a protected investment) as required by the BIT, but not for determining whether the dispute is new. Thus, the Court of Appeal addresses each issue separately, whereas the Court of Cassation gives significant weight to the link between the disputes without distinguishing, depending on the issue to be resolved (ratione materiae or ratione temporis jurisdiction), the subject of the link (disputes or economic operations) and the types of links (legal or economic). Therefore, the existence of an economic link between the settlement claims and the 1980 contracts (ratione materiae jurisdiction) does not exclude the absence of a legal link between the disputes arising from the non-performance of the settlement agreement and those arising from the non-performance of the 1980 contracts (ratione temporis jurisdiction). The dispute at stake can therefore arise โ€œdirectly out of investment activitiesโ€ and this link is not indirect. Whereas, for the Court of Cassation, the autonomy of the disputes related to the non-performance of the initial contracts and the non-performance of the settlement agreement excludes the possibility that the settlement claims are related to the initial contracts, and therefore excludes their qualification as investments.

Does the intention of the drafters of the BIT to link โ€œclaims to moneyโ€ (and its dispute) to an investment activity mean that they wish to link, in principle and under all circumstances, disputes arising out of that investment activity and those arising out of the non-performance of the claims? Isnโ€™t the BITโ€™s purpose to link the โ€œclaims to moneyโ€ to an investment activity primarily a means of excluding purely commercial disputes from the material scope of the treaty? Do the drafters of the BIT intend to link the conditions of ratione materiae jurisdiction to those of ratione temporis jurisdiction?  

This is not the first time that the different aspects of jurisdiction are assessed in light of one another, which has not escaped doctrinal criticism (See Garcia v. Venezuela: Sophie Lemaire and Malik Laazouzi, โ€œChronique de jurisprudence arbitrale en droit des investissementsโ€, Revue de l’arbitrage 2019, nยฐ 2, p. 576).

The Court of Cassation seems unwilling to accept that a relationship between the settlement claim and the initial investment activity can coexist with a lack of identity between the dispute arising from the non-performance of the settlement claim and the dispute arising from the non-performance of the initial contract. As explained above, the nature of the relationship is different: for one, it is a matter of an economic relationship between the settlement claim and the investment activity, and for the other, it is one of a legal or procedural relationship between the dispute arising from the claim and the dispute arising from the initial contract. According to the Court of Cassation, pursuant to Article 8(4)(a) of the BIT, which requires that disputes arise directly from an investment activity, the fact that the disputes are not linked excludes the tribunalโ€™s ratione materiae jurisdiction because the link between the settlement claim and the initial contracts is severed. Thus, there is also an influence of the link between the disputes (relevant for ratione temporis jurisdiction) on the link between the economic operations (relevant for ratione materiae jurisdiction).

Ratione materiae jurisdiction (definition of investment) and ratione temporis jurisdiction (dispute arising after the treatyโ€™s entry into force) are different issues. The settlement claim and the initial activity can be linked (thus, this claim is an investment) while triggering a new dispute, unless a new condition is added to the treaty, stating that the new dispute must arise from an investment resulting from an investment activity that did not generate a pre-existing dispute before the entry into force of the treaty.

The real issue is determining what constitutes a new dispute in the context of a settlement agreement. As the Court of Appeal observed, the settlement agreement can give rise to new legal issues independent of those arising from the initial contract, despite the normal link between the settlement claim and the initial activity. The Court of Cassation could have chosen other criteria to assess the novelty of the dispute, for example, as Libya argued, the persistence (or lack thereof) of the unresolved initial dispute. But the Court preferred to assess ratione temporis jurisdiction in light of the conditions of ratione materiae jurisdiction, and vice versa.

The correlation between the link between the settlement claim and the initial contract, on the one hand, and the link between the old and new disputes, on the other hand, is established by this decision. However, this correlation does not seem self-evident.

Finally, this decision highlights the particularities of jurisdictional issues in investment arbitration compared to commercial arbitration and the fluctuating reactions of the post-award judge.

In light of this decision, the Court of Appeal, in a different formation, to which the case was remanded is invited by the Court of Cassation to determine whether there is a link between the settlement claims and the 1980 investment activity and, if so, to draw the consequences on the issue of ratione temporis jurisdiction. We shall see how the lower court addresses this.


ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Jad El Hage is an attorney at the Beirut Bar and a legal counsel at the Center of Mediation and Arbitration of Paris (CMAP). He specializes in international commercial arbitration and investment treaty arbitration, conducts research in the field (PhD Candidate), and lectures at universities. Jad El Hage is frequently invited to speak at conferences on international arbitration, and he actively participates in treaty negotiations at the United Nations. He has worked with leading international law firms, representing both states and private entities in arbitration proceedings under the rules of various arbitration institutions. He is fully fluent in Arabic, French and English and is a graduate of Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Paris II Panthรฉon Assas University and Paris Dauphine University.


*The views and opinions expressed by authors are theirs and do not necessarily reflect those of their organizations, employers, or Daily Jus, Jus Mundi, or Jus Connect.

Analyse de la compรฉtence dans l’arbitrage d’investissement : Interdรฉpendance de la compรฉtence ratione materiae et de la compรฉtence ratione temporis

Contrรดle des sentences : note sous Cour de cassation (Chambre civile 1), 9 octobre 2024, nยฐ 23-14.368, Etrak c. Libye

Lโ€™affaire Etrak c. Libye porte sur plusieurs projets de construction en Libye donnant lieu ร  la conclusion de contrats de travaux publics entre des entitรฉs libyennes et la sociรฉtรฉ de droit turc Etrak Insaat Taahhรผt Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi (ci-aprรจs ยซ Etrak ยป ou ยซ Investisseur ยป) dans les annรฉes 1980. En 1991, lโ€™investisseur a dรฉcidรฉ de suspendre lโ€™exรฉcution des contrats du fait de factures impayรฉes par lโ€™ร‰tat. Un protocole transactionnel – amรฉnageant les conditions d’exรฉcution d’une dรฉcision des juridictions libyennes ayant condamnรฉ l’ร‰tat libyen au rรจglement de sommes d’argent relatives aux factures impayรฉes et ร  des dommages et intรฉrรชts – signรฉ le 9 dรฉcembre 2013 entre les parties a constituรฉ une lueur dโ€™espoir momentanรฉment dissipรฉe par son annulation par les juridictions libyennes (V. Tribunal de premiรจre instance de Tripoli-Nord du 2 mai 2019). Lโ€™inexรฉcution de la transaction a menรฉ lโ€™investisseur ร  recourir ร  lโ€™arbitrage sur le fondement du Traitรฉ Bilatรฉral dโ€™Investissement Libye โ€“ Turquie (2009) (ci-aprรจs ยซ TBI ยป) (Sur lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur de ce TBI, voir : Cour dโ€™appel de Paris (Pรดle 5 – Chambre 16), 28 septembre 2021, nยฐ 19/19834). Le siรจge de lโ€™arbitrage a รฉtรฉ placรฉ ร  Genรจve en Suisse et le tribunal arbitral a rendu, le 22 juillet 2019, une sentence finale dans laquelle il retient sa compรฉtence et il condamne la Libye au paiement de dommages et intรฉrรชts de plus de 21 millions USD au profit de lโ€™investisseur. Cette sentence a fait lโ€™objet dโ€™une demande dโ€™annulation rejetรฉe par le tribunal fรฉdรฉral suisse dans sa dรฉcision 4A_461/2019 du 2 novembre 2020. En 2021, les juridictions allemandes ont rejetรฉ la demande d’exequatur de la sentence arbitrale. Lโ€™investisseur crรฉancier a demandรฉ lโ€™exequatur de la sentence en France et cโ€™est le prรฉsident du tribunal judiciaire de Paris qui a rendu une ordonnance qui avait revรชtu la sentence arbitrale de l’exequatur en France. L’ร‰tat de Libye a interjetรฉ appel de cette ordonnance devant la Cour dโ€™appel de Paris qui a confirmรฉ cette ordonnance d’exequatur dans son arrรชt du 14 mars 2023 (nยฐ 21/06118), avant que la Cour de cassation ne casse cette dรฉcision par son arrรชt du 9 octobre 2024 (nยฐ 23-14.368) que nous nous proposons de commenter dans le cadre de cette note. Cette cassation a eu des rรฉpercussions sur la demande d’exequatur du jugement du tribunal de premiรจre instance de Tripoli-Nord du 2 mai 2019 annulant la transaction.

La question que se pose le juge de lโ€™exequatur est notamment celle de savoir si le juge du traitรฉ est compรฉtent pour trancher le diffรฉrend en question. Lโ€™interaction entre la compรฉtence ratione materiae et ratione temporis constitue un point central dans le cadre de cette analyse. Les autres composantes de la compรฉtence dโ€™un tribunal arbitral en arbitrage dโ€™investissement ne seront pas abordรฉes ne faisant pas dรฉbat dans le cadre du recours contre la sentence en question. Les autres griefs notamment la contrariรฉtรฉ ร  lโ€™ordre public ne seront pas non plus abordรฉs.

Sur le fond, la Cour dโ€™appel de Paris avait considรฉrรฉ que le tribunal arbitral รฉtait compรฉtent en abordant classiquement et sรฉparรฉment la compรฉtence ratione materiae dโ€™abord qualifiant les ยซ crรฉances financiรจres ยป qui dรฉcoulent de la transaction comme un investissement pour ensuite aborder la question de la compรฉtence ratione temporis en qualifiant le diffรฉrend nรฉ de lโ€™inexรฉcution de la transaction comme nouveau, notamment car mettant fin dรฉfinitivement au premier diffรฉrend (nous entendons par nouveau diffรฉrend celui qui tombe sous le coup de la compรฉtence ratione temporis du tribunal arbitral). Cependant, la Cour de cassation remet en cause cette compรฉtence en raisonnant diffรฉremment.

Pour rappel lโ€™article 1(2) du TBI sur la dรฉfinition de lโ€™investissement dispose : ยซ Le terme ยซ investissements ยป, conformรฉment ร  la lรฉgislation et ร  la rรฉglementation de la Partie contractante hรดte, comprend toute classe de biens, notamment, mais non exclusivement :

[โ€ฆ] b) Les revenus rรฉinvestis, les crรฉances financiรจres ou tous autres droits ayant une valeur financiรจre liรฉe ร  un investissement, [โ€ฆ] ยป.

Lโ€™article 10 du TBI sur son champ dโ€™application temporel dispose : ยซ Le prรฉsent Accord sโ€™applique aux investissements effectuรฉs sur le territoire dโ€™une Partie contractants conformรฉment ร  sa lรฉgislation et ร  sa rรฉglementation avant ou aprรจs son entrรฉe en vigueur, par les investisseurs de lโ€™autre Partie contractante. Toutefois, il ne sโ€™applique pas aux diffรฉrends qui sont nรฉs avant son entrรฉe en vigueur ยป. Pour rappel, la Cour de cassation a exclu dans lโ€™affaire Oschadbank c. Russie du champ du contrรดle des sentences la question de la temporalitรฉ de la rรฉalisation de lโ€™investissement car elle relรจve du fond. La clause de rรจglement des diffรฉrends, fondement de lโ€™arbitrage, se trouve ร  lโ€™article 8 de ce traitรฉ et lโ€™article 8(4)(a) limite le champ du TBI aux ยซ diffรฉrends dรฉcoulant directement des activitรฉs dโ€™investissement [โ€ฆ] ยป 

Pour trancher la question gรฉnรฉrale de la compรฉtence du tribunal arbitral, il faut rรฉpondre, notamment, ร  deux questions : celle de savoir si la crรฉance issue du protocole transactionnel constitue un investissement (compรฉtence ratione materiae) et si le diffรฉrend soumis au tribunal arbitral est nรฉ aprรจs la date de lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur du traitรฉ (compรฉtence ratione temporis).

La Cour dโ€™appel de Paris a dรฉjร  eu lโ€™occasion de traiter ces deux questions dans lโ€™affaire รœstay c. Libye (Cour dโ€™appel de Paris (Pรดle 5 – Chambre 16), 23 janvier 2024, nยฐ 21/01507, voir note : Sophie Lemaire, Revue de lโ€™arbitrage 2024, nยฐ 2, p. 646). Il est รฉgalement intรฉressant de rappeler que le tribunal arbitral CIRDI, dans lโ€™affaire CMC c. Mozambique, a dรฉcidรฉ dans sa sentence du 24 octobre 2019 que les crรฉances financiรจres issues dโ€™une transaction constituaient un investissement au sens du TBI applicable en lโ€™espรจce (CMC c. Mozambique, Sentence, 24 octobre 2019, para. 175).

Sur la compรฉtence matรฉrielle, la Cour de cassation rappelle que pour que la crรฉance transactionnelle soit comprise dans la dรฉfinition de lโ€™investissement de lโ€™article 1(2)(b) du TBI, elle doit รชtre liรฉe ร  une activitรฉ dโ€™investissement (nous entendons par ยซ activitรฉ dโ€™investissement ยป lโ€™opรฉration dโ€™investissement ร  laquelle doit se rattacher la crรฉance financiรจre pour รชtre qualifiรฉe dโ€™investissement au sens de lโ€™article 1(2)(b) du TBI). Or en lโ€™espรจce, si la crรฉance transactionnelle ne dรฉcoule pas de lโ€™investissement de 1980, elle ne dรฉcoule pas dโ€™une activitรฉ dโ€™investissement et nโ€™est donc pas un investissement au sens du traitรฉ.

Sur la compรฉtence temporelle, lโ€™intรฉrรชt pratique de cette question est que lโ€™investisseur ne pouvait se fonder sur lโ€™inexรฉcution des contrats de travaux publics car ce diffรฉrend รฉtait nรฉ avant lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur du traitรฉ. Son seul espoir รฉtait de qualifier dโ€™investissement les crรฉances issues du protocole, autrement dit de soutenir que le diffรฉrend relatif ร  lโ€™inexรฉcution du protocole transactionnel รฉtait un nouveau diffรฉrend autonome nรฉ postรฉrieurement ร  lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur du traitรฉ relatif ร  un investissement, au sens du traitรฉ.

Aprรจs avoir repris les constatations de la Cour dโ€™appel selon lesquelles la crรฉance nรฉe de la transaction, considรฉrรฉe isolรฉment, ne constitue pas un investissement au sens du traitรฉ, la Cour de cassation appelle ร  trancher la question suivante : Y a-t-il un lien entre lโ€™investissement (crรฉance transactionnelle) et lโ€™activitรฉ dโ€™investissement (contrats de 1980) et quelles sont les consรฉquences de ce lien sur la compรฉtence ratione materiae et ratione temporis du tribunal arbitral ?

Selon la Haute juridiction, si ce lien existe, la crรฉance transactionnelle constitue un investissement (compรฉtence ratione materiae) mais le diffรฉrend nโ€™est pas nรฉ aprรจs lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur du traitรฉ รฉtant liรฉ ร  un diffรฉrend relatif ร  lโ€™inexรฉcution des contrats publics prรฉdatant le traitรฉ (compรฉtence ratione temporis). Dโ€™autre part, si ce lien nโ€™existe pas, alors la crรฉance transactionnelle ne constitue pas un investissement ce qui rend la question de la compรฉtence ratione temporis inutile ร  aborder.

Cette analyse fait dรฉcouler des consรฉquences au lien entre lโ€™investissement et lโ€™activitรฉ dโ€™investissement ร  laquelle il doit se rattacher sur le terrain de la compรฉtence ratione temporis alors que ce lien ne vaut que pour la compรฉtence ratione materiae. Une condition existante dans le TBI sโ€™est vu รฉtendre son domaine dโ€™application au-delร  de celui qui lui รฉtait initialement prรฉvu dans le traitรฉ. Le lien entre la transaction et lโ€™activitรฉ dโ€™investissement de 1980 implique un lien entre le diffรฉrend qui dรฉcoule de la transaction et lโ€™ancien diffรฉrend qui dรฉcoule des contrats de 1980 ce qui exclut la compรฉtence ratione temporis du tribunal arbitral.

Pour dรฉterminer la date de naissance du diffรฉrend en question et apprรฉcier sa nouveautรฉ, la Cour de cassation reprend la constatation de la Cour dโ€™appel selon laquelle les crรฉances issues des contrats de 1980 et celles issues de la transaction sont diffรฉrentes. Il nโ€™existe aucune incompatibilitรฉ entre la diffรฉrence du contenu des crรฉances (ce qui rend les diffรฉrends distincts) et la source commune du litige qui est lโ€™activitรฉ dโ€™investissement de 1980. Deux choses peuvent รชtre diffรฉrentes mais liรฉes : le contenu et la source juridique des crรฉances sont diffรฉrents mรชme si leur origine รฉconomique est la mรชme.

La transaction rรฉsulte par nature dโ€™un premier diffรฉrend auquel elle met fin. Par consรฉquent, une nouvelle condition est rajoutรฉe au traitรฉ : le diffรฉrend que rรฉsout la transaction doit naรฎtre aprรจs lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur du traitรฉ (la Cour de cassation a dรฉjร  condamnรฉ le fait dโ€™ajouter au traitรฉ une condition quโ€™il ne prรฉvoit pas : Cour de cassation (Chambre civile 1), 1 dรฉcembre 2021, nยฐ 20-16.714). Le simple fait que le diffรฉrend relatif ร  lโ€™inexรฉcution de la transaction soit nรฉ aprรจs lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur du traitรฉ ne suffit pas. Il est important de rappeler que lโ€™article 10 du TBI exige uniquement que soient ยซ nรฉs ยป les diffรฉrends aprรจs son entrรฉe en vigueur, en excluant ceux nรฉs avant son entrรฉe en vigueur. Cโ€™est donc le critรจre de la naissance du diffรฉrend qui est pertinent ; ainsi, seule une identitรฉ des diffรฉrends nรฉs de lโ€™inexรฉcution des contrats initiaux et de lโ€™inexรฉcution de la transaction aurait exclu la compรฉtence ratione temporis et non pas un simple rapport entre ces diffรฉrends.

Dans ses attendus de principe (si cette terminologie nโ€™est pas encore dรฉmodรฉe), la Cour de cassation reproche une soi-disant contradiction ร  la Cour d’appel. Cette derniรจre a retenu la compรฉtence ratione temporis du tribunal arbitral en considรฉrant que le diffรฉrend รฉtait autonome par rapport aux contrats de 1980, alors quโ€™elle a constatรฉ que ce diffรฉrend transactionnel รฉtait liรฉ aux contrats de 1980 pour retenir sa compรฉtence ratione materiae. Or, il sโ€™agit dโ€™un lien รฉconomique entre les diffรฉrends et non pas juridique. Le lien juridique nโ€™existe pas comme lโ€™a expliquรฉ la Cour dโ€™appel, car le diffรฉrend juridique relatif ร  la transaction est nouveau : concessions, dommages et intรฉrรชts, etc. Le lien รฉconomique existe entre les diffรฉrends, mais celui-ci nโ€™est pas pertinent pour la compรฉtence ratione temporis. Le lien รฉconomique entre les opรฉrations dโ€™investissement (crรฉance transactionnelle et contrats de 1980) est pertinent pour la compรฉtence ratione materiae (qualification dโ€™investissement) comme le TBI lโ€™exige et non pour dรฉterminer si le diffรฉrend est nouveau ou non. Ainsi, la Cour d’appel traite chacun sรฉparรฉment, tandis que la Cour de cassation donne au lien entre les diffรฉrends une portรฉe importante sans distinguer, selon la question ร  trancher (compรฉtence ratione materiae ou ratione temporis), lโ€™objet du lien (diffรฉrends ou opรฉrations รฉconomiques) et les types de lien (juridique ou รฉconomique). Donc, rien nโ€™empรชche quโ€™il y ait un lien รฉconomique entre les crรฉances transactionnelles et les contrats de 1980 (donc compรฉtence ratione materiae) sans quโ€™il nโ€™y ait de lien juridique entre les diffรฉrends nรฉs de lโ€™inexรฉcution de la transaction et ceux nรฉs de lโ€™inexรฉcution des contrats de 1980 (donc compรฉtence ratione temporis). Le diffรฉrend en question est donc considรฉrรฉ comme ยซ dรฉcoulant directement des activitรฉs dโ€™investissement ยป et ce lien nโ€™est pas indirect. Alors que pour la Cour de cassation, lโ€™autonomie des diffรฉrends relatifs ร  lโ€™inexรฉcution des contrats initiaux et ร  lโ€™inexรฉcution de la transaction exclut la possibilitรฉ que les crรฉances transactionnelles dรฉcoulent des contrats initiaux et donc exclut leur qualification dโ€™investissement.

La volontรฉ des rรฉdacteurs du traitรฉ de lier la crรฉance financiรจre (et le diffรฉrend qui en dรฉcoule) ร  une activitรฉ dโ€™investissement implique-t-elle une volontรฉ de lier par principe et en toute circonstance les diffรฉrends nรฉs de cette activitรฉ dโ€™investissement et ceux nรฉs de lโ€™inexรฉcution de la crรฉance ? La volontรฉ des rรฉdacteurs du traitรฉ de lier la crรฉance ร  une activitรฉ dโ€™investissement nโ€™est-elle pas uniquement un moyen dโ€™รฉcarter des contestations purement commerciales du champ matรฉriel du traitรฉ ? La volontรฉ des rรฉdacteurs est-elle de lier les conditions de la compรฉtence ratione materiae ร  celles relatives ร  la compรฉtence ratione temporis ?

Ce nโ€™est pas la premiรจre fois que les diffรฉrentes facettes de la compรฉtence sont apprรฉciรฉes lโ€™une ร  la lumiรจre de lโ€™autre, ce qui nโ€™a pas รฉchappรฉ ร  la critique doctrinale (Voir sur l’affaire Garcia c. Venezuela : Sophie Lemaire et Malik Laazouzi, Chronique de jurisprudence arbitrale en droit des investissements, Revue de l’arbitrage 2019, nยฐ 2, p. 576).

La Cour de cassation ne semble pas accepter quโ€™un rapport entre la crรฉance transactionnelle et lโ€™activitรฉ initiale aille de pair avec lโ€™absence dโ€™identitรฉ entre le diffรฉrend dรฉcoulant de lโ€™inexรฉcution de cette crรฉance et le diffรฉrend dรฉcoulant de lโ€™inexรฉcution des contrats initiaux. Comme expliquรฉ ci-dessus, la nature du rapport est diffรฉrente : pour lโ€™un il sโ€™agit dโ€™un rapport รฉconomique entre la crรฉance et une activitรฉ dโ€™investissement, pour lโ€™autre il sโ€™agit dโ€™un rapport juridique, voire procรฉdural, entre le diffรฉrend nรฉ de la crรฉance et le diffรฉrend nรฉ du contrat initial. Selon la Cour, faisant rรฉfรฉrence ร  lโ€™article 8(4)(a) du TBI qui exige que les diffรฉrends dรฉcoulent directement d’une activitรฉ dโ€™investissement, le fait que les diffรฉrends ne soient pas liรฉs exclut la compรฉtence ratione materiae du tribunal arbitral, car le lien entre la crรฉance transactionnelle et le contrat initial est brisรฉ. Cโ€™est donc aussi une influence du lien entre les diffรฉrends (pertinent pour la compรฉtence ratione temporis) sur le lien entre les opรฉrations รฉconomiques (pertinent pour la compรฉtence ratione materiae).

La compรฉtence ratione materiae (dรฉfinition dโ€™un investissement) et la compรฉtence ratione temporis (diffรฉrend nรฉ aprรจs lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur du traitรฉ) posent des problรฉmatiques diffรฉrentes. La crรฉance transactionnelle et lโ€™activitรฉ initiale peuvent รชtre liรฉes (ce qui fait de cette crรฉance un investissement) tout en ayant dรฉclenchรฉ un nouveau diffรฉrend, ร  moins dโ€™ajouter une condition au traitรฉ selon laquelle le nouveau diffรฉrend doit naรฎtre dโ€™un investissement dรฉcoulant dโ€™une activitรฉ dโ€™investissement nโ€™ayant pas gรฉnรฉrรฉ de diffรฉrend antรฉrieur ร  lโ€™entrรฉe en vigueur du traitรฉ.

Le vrai problรจme est celui de savoir ce quโ€™est un nouveau diffรฉrend dans le contexte dโ€™une transaction. Comme lโ€™a constatรฉ la Cour dโ€™appel, la transaction peut donner naissance ร  de nouveaux problรจmes de droit indรฉpendants de ceux que gรฉnรจrent le contrat initial malgrรฉ le lien normal entre la crรฉance transactionnelle et lโ€™activitรฉ initiale. La Cour de cassation aurait pu opter pour dโ€™autres critรจres afin dโ€™apprรฉcier la nouveautรฉ du diffรฉrend ; par exemple, comme lโ€™a soutenu la Libye, celui de la persistance – ou pas – du diffรฉrend initial non รฉteint par la transaction. Mais la Cour a prรฉfรฉrรฉ apprรฉcier la compรฉtence ratione temporis ร  la lumiรจre des conditions de la compรฉtence ratione materiae, et vice versa.

La corrรฉlation entre le lien de la crรฉance transactionnelle et du contrat initial dโ€™une part et le lien entre lโ€™ancien et le nouveau diffรฉrend dโ€™autre part est รฉtablie par cet arrรชt. Or cette corrรฉlation ne semble pas รฉvidente.

Enfin, cet arrรชt montre les particularitรฉs des questions de compรฉtence posรฉes dans le cadre des arbitrages dโ€™investissement par rapport ร  celles de lโ€™arbitrage commercial et les rรฉactions fluctuantes du juge du contrรดle qui en dรฉcoulent.

En vertu de cette dรฉcision, la cour dโ€™appel de renvoi est invitรฉe par la Cour de cassation ร  se poser la question de savoir si un lien existe ou pas entre les crรฉances transactionnelles et lโ€™activitรฉ dโ€™investissement de 1980 et, dans lโ€™affirmative, dโ€™en tirer les consรฉquences sur le terrain de la compรฉtence ratione temporis. Voyons ce quโ€™en fera la cour dโ€™appel de renvoi.


ร€ PROPOS DE L’AUTEUR

Jad El Hage est avocat au Barreau de Beyrouth et conseiller juridique au Centre de Mรฉdiation et d’Arbitrage de Paris (CMAP). Il est spรฉcialisรฉ en arbitrage commercial et dโ€™investissement, mรจne des recherches dans ce domaine (Doctorant), et enseigne ร  l’Universitรฉ Paris-Dauphine. Jad El Hage est frรฉquemment invitรฉ ร  intervenir lors de confรฉrences sur l’arbitrage international, et il participe aux nรฉgociations de traitรฉs au sein de lโ€™Organisation des Nations Unies. Il a travaillรฉ dans des cabinets d’avocats reprรฉsentant tant des ร‰tats que des entitรฉs privรฉes dans des procรฉdures d’arbitrage rรฉgies par les rรจglements de diverses institutions arbitrales. Il maรฎtrise l’arabe, le franรงais et l’anglais, et est diplรดmรฉ de l’Universitรฉ Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, de l’Universitรฉ Paris II Panthรฉon-Assas et de l’Universitรฉ Paris-Dauphine.


*Les points de vue et les opinions exprimรฉs par les auteurs sont les leurs et ne reflรจtent pas nรฉcessairement ceux de leurs organisations, de leurs employeurs ou de Daily Jus, Jus Mundi ou Jus Connect.

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