{"id":273496,"date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-19T16:10:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.jusmundi.com\/?p=273496"},"modified":"2024-09-09T17:50:58","modified_gmt":"2024-09-09T15:50:58","slug":"implications-of-the-war-in-ukraine-under-international-law-international-criminal-lawpart-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyjus.com\/index.php\/2022\/05\/05\/implications-of-the-war-in-ukraine-under-international-law-international-criminal-lawpart-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Implications Of The War In Ukraine Under International Law &#8211; Part 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>THE AUTHOR: <\/strong><br><strong>Jus Mundi <\/strong>and <strong>London VYAP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This is the second part of a series that discusses the implications of the Russian invasion of Ukraine under international law. The first article of the series explores <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.jusmundi.com\/implications-of-the-war-in-ukraine-under-international-law-the-use-of-force-under-international-law\/\">the use of force under international law<\/a>, whilst the second article focuses on the position under international criminal law.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">International Criminal Law <\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/d\/profile\/state\/ru\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Russia<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019s military operation has legal consequences beyond its breach of Article 2.4 of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/document\/treaty\/en-united-nations-charter-the-un-charter-tuesday-26th-june-1945\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">UN Charter<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Evidence is mounting that it and its officials are also breaching international humanitarian and criminal law, committing war crimes and possibly even genocide. The most serious accusations suggesting that Russia might be in breach of international law include the following:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2022\/02\/russian-military-commits-indiscriminate-attacks-during-the-invasion-of-ukraine\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">increasing evidence<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that Russian military forces have been conducting indiscriminate attacks against civilian targets, including protected objects like hospitals;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">mounting claims supported by unverified photo and video evidence suggesting that Russian military forces have been using <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2022\/03\/21\/russias-use-cluster-munitions-and-other-explosive-weapons-shows-need-stronger\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">explosive weapons with wide area effects and cluster munitions<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that are banned by most countries. Those weapons are known to be among the major causes of civilian casualties when used in populated areas;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the alleged <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/interactive\/2022\/russian-soldiers-beat-torture-ukrainian-villagers\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">torture and killings of Ukrainian civilians<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> across the entire country. The recently published satellite imagery from the besieged Ukrainian port city of Mariupol which shows <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/4\/21\/satellite-images-show-mass-grave-near-mariupol-maxar-says\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">multiple mass grave sites<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> is further indication that the Russian invasion has led to a large number of civilian casualties;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">multiple allegations that Russian military forces have been preventing civilians from escaping to safety and conducting direct attacks on evacuation hubs, including railway stations in central and eastern Ukraine. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-04-08\/ukraine-says-dozens-killed-in-russian-attack-on-railway-station\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">One such recent attack<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> on the main train station in Kramatorsk reportedly resulted in 50 casualties and 100 wounded; and<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">allegations that Russia has used the threat of rape as a weapon of war amidst a growing number of reports of sexual violence and abuse suffered by Ukrainian women and girls (sources can be found <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/04\/22\/europe\/ukraine-sexual-violence-allegations-russia-cmd-intl\/index.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">here<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/europe\/20220412-ukraine-l-onu-r%C3%A9clame-des-enqu%C3%AAtes-sur-les-accusations-de-viols-commis-par-des-soldats-russes\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">here<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/apr\/03\/all-wars-are-like-this-used-as-a-weapon-of-war-in-ukraine\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">here<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As we reported in the <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.jusmundi.com\/implications-of-the-war-in-ukraine-under-international-law-the-use-of-force-under-international-law\/\">first part of this series<\/a>, there have also been reports of Ukrainian soldiers mistreating Russian prisoners of war, which if proved true, could also constitute a war crime. Those allegations are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/ukraine-russian-soldiers-torture-video-b2046315.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">currently under investigation<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ascertaining and agreeing upon the \u201ctruth\u201d of what is happening on the ground in Ukraine is difficult. Nevertheless, at least according to most Western news sources, there is evidence that Russia is in breach of international criminal law and that, subsequently, its officials may eventually be tried on charges of committing war crimes. If indicted, what kind of justice can Russia\u2019s officials expect to face?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Jurisdiction<\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">An unlawful military assault occurs and innocent human suffering follows suit; the first institutions we would look to for answers may be the United Nations (the \u201c<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">UN<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201d) or the European Court for Human Rights (the \u201c<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ECHR<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201d). In this instance, however, these institutions are powerless.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Firstly, Russia\u2019s breaches of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/document\/treaty\/en-united-nations-charter-the-un-charter-tuesday-26th-june-1945?su=%2Fen%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DUN%2520Charter%26page%3D1%26lang%3Den%26document-types%5B0%5D%3Dtreaty&amp;contents%5b0%5d=en&amp;contents%5b1%5d=fr\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">UN Charter<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that we discussed in the first part of the series will likely not result in practical consequences \u2013 at least not directly. Thanks to its position as one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, and thus holding veto power, Russia will continue to act as it pleases, safe in the knowledge that the Security Council cannot stand in its way.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Secondly, whilst the ECHR exercises jurisdiction over both Ukraine and Russia on account of them being State Parties to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/document\/treaty\/en-convention-for-the-protection-of-human-rights-and-fundamental-freedoms-european-convention-on-human-rights-1950-saturday-4th-november-1950?su=%2Fen%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DEuropean%2520Court%2520for%2520Human%2520Rights%26page%3D1%26lang%3Den%26document-types%5B0%5D%3Dtreaty&amp;contents%5b0%5d=en&amp;contents%5b1%5d=fr\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">European Convention on Human Rights<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, its ability to enforce any influential sanctions on Russia will likely be ineffective. Seeing the Council of Europe act so swiftly in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/search.coe.int\/cm\/Pages\/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=0900001680a5a360\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">suspending Russia from its right to representation<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> was proactive, as was the implementation of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/app\/conversion\/pdf\/?library=ECHR&amp;id=003-7277548-9913621&amp;filename=Decision%20of%20the%20Court%20on%20requests%20for%20interim%20measures%20in%20individual%20applications%20concerning%20Russian.pdf\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">provisional measures it granted<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> in the application concerning Russian actions on Ukrainian territory.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The ECHR\u2019s ultimate sanction, provided for by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680306052\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 8 of the Statute<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, is to expel Russia from the Council of Europe, yet Russia pre-empted that from happening when it <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2022\/03\/russias-withdrawal-from-council-of-europe-a-tragedy-for-victims-of-kremlins-abuses\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">withdrew from the organisation<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> under Article 7 of the Statute on 15 March 2022, mere hours before the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/search.coe.int\/cm\/pages\/result_details.aspx?objectid=0900001680a5d7d9\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">voted in favour<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> of Russia\u2019s departure. This might have a negative long-term impact for millions of Russian nationals, as the Russian regime could take advantage of this expulsion by violating human rights within its territory, for example, by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/thebarentsobserver.com\/en\/security\/2022\/02\/dmitry-medvedev-calls-russia-reintroduce-death-penalty\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">bringing back the death penalty<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.&nbsp;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">So where could justice be pursued? Initially, the International Criminal Court (the \u201c<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ICC<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201d) did not have jurisdiction to charge Russia for its alleged breach of international law as neither Ukraine nor Russia is party to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/document\/treaty\/en-rome-statute-of-the-international-criminal-court-international-criminal-court-statute-friday-17th-july-1998\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> (the \u201c<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Rome Statute<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201d), <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">i.e., <\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the 2002 treaty that established the ICC. However, recent developments have altered this view and there are now two clear paths for the ICC to exercise its jurisdiction.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The first path stems from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/d\/profile\/state\/ua\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ukraine<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019s acceptance of jurisdiction, pursuant to Article 12 of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/document\/treaty\/en-rome-statute-of-the-international-criminal-court-international-criminal-court-statute-friday-17th-july-1998\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rome Statute<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. As ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/Pages\/item.aspx?name=20220228-prosecutor-statement-ukraine\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">announced on 28 February 2022<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Ukraine \u201c<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">exercised its prerogatives to legally accept the Court&#8217;s jurisdiction over alleged crimes under the Rome Statute occurring on its territory, should the Court choose to exercise it<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201d, thus bringing Russia\u2019s alleged crimes committed under the ICC\u2019s jurisdiction.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This was not the first time Ukraine accepted ICC jurisdiction: following Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine which resulted in the annexation of Crimea, Ukraine appealed to the ICC alleging that Russia committed war crimes and crimes against humanity in late 2013 and early 2014. These allegations prompted the prosecutor at the time, Fatou Bensouda, to open a preliminary examination (a precursor to an official investigation). Perhaps persuaded by Bensouda\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/Pages\/item.aspx?name=201211-otp-statement-ukraine\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">conclusion<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that there was a \u201c<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">reasonable basis<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201d that crimes were committed in 2013-14, Prosecutor Karim Khan confirmed that an official investigation will follow. The full investigation will not just encompass crimes considered in the preliminary examination, but all recently alleged crimes as well, including war crimes and crimes against humanity committed over the past months.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The second path to the ICC\u2019s jurisdiction is via Article 13 of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/document\/treaty\/en-rome-statute-of-the-international-criminal-court-international-criminal-court-statute-friday-17th-july-1998\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rome Statute<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, where States party to the treaty can refer the alleged crimes to the ICC. On 2 March 2022, Prosecutor Karim Khan announced that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/Pages\/item.aspx?name=2022-prosecutor-statement-referrals-ukraine\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">39 parties referred the crimes to the ICC<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, emboldened by public sentiment and thus enabling the ICC to immediately proceed with an investigation into the ongoing violence in Ukraine.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is important to note that, whilst the ICC has a path to jurisdiction over any acts of genocide, crime against humanity or war crime, it <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/Pages\/item.aspx?name=20220225-prosecutor-statement-ukraine\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">cannot exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> In 2018, an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/applic\/ihl\/ihl.nsf\/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=6B198F5B96D249FCC1257E30004C4A29\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">amendment to Article 15<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> of the Rome Statute blocked the ICC\u2019s jurisdiction over crimes of aggression by States that are not Rome Statute signatories.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">To circumvent this barrier, an international cohort of leaders in the fields of politics and law are calling for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gordonandsarahbrown.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Combined-Statement-and-Declaration.pdf\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">the creation of a Special Tribunal<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> for the punishment of the crime of aggression against Ukraine. The intention is commendable, but it remains to be seen how soon this can be conceived and whether it can overcome jurisdictional and other practical hurdles, thus dampening hopes that this venture will yield swift solutions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Consequences<\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Should sufficient evidence be placed before the ICC, the Prosecutor may request the Court to issue an arrest warrant for those responsible. There is thus a clear route to put high-ranking Russian officials, and perhaps even Vladimir Putin, on trial, but even if arrests were made, the conviction of those accused is not likely.&nbsp;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Firstly, precedents suggest that linking a head of State directly to war crimes committed by the State\u2019s armed forces is extremely difficult, as only a handful of arrest warrants have been issued for heads of state (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">i.e.<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan in 2009, Laurent Gbagbo of the Ivory Coast in 2011, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya in 2011) and none were indicted. Secondly, the way that war crimes are defined in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jusmundi.com\/en\/document\/treaty\/en-rome-statute-of-the-international-criminal-court-international-criminal-court-statute-friday-17th-july-1998\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rome Statute<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> often serves those that are accused. Intention is a key component, meaning that the ICC Prosecutor must prove that war crimes were intentionally committed. For these reasons, in the unlikely event that the Russian Head of State is eventually tried for war crimes or crimes against humanity, an acquittal is likely to ensue. Curiously, the ICC has acquitted more people of the primary crimes of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity than it has convicted.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">History does not offer much hope that those responsible for the deaths of civilians in this ongoing conflict will be held accountable, whether in the short or long term. Yet, that should not deter us from seeking justice. There is always the possibility that new precedents will set out a clearer path for accountability in the future. Current events indicate that such a shift may be on the cards: public sentiment is vehemently behind Ukraine and most of the Western World has turned its back on Russia, swiftly imposing unprecedented financial sanctions and suffocating the Russian government politically and economically. Those leading the charge, such as ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/04\/11\/politics\/iryna-venediktova-ukraine-russia-war-crimes-cnntv\/index.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Prosecutor General of Ukraine<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, may not get a better hand; it is now up to them to be brave, relentless, and resourceful enough to play their cards just right.&nbsp;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.jusmundi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2022_04-london-vyap-jm-blog-banner-1024x256.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-273491\" style=\"width:780px;height:195px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/daily.jusconnect.com\/~www\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2022_04-london-vyap-jm-blog-banner-1024x256.png 1024w, https:\/\/daily.jusconnect.com\/~www\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2022_04-london-vyap-jm-blog-banner-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/daily.jusconnect.com\/~www\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2022_04-london-vyap-jm-blog-banner-768x192.png 768w, https:\/\/daily.jusconnect.com\/~www\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2022_04-london-vyap-jm-blog-banner-1536x384.png 1536w, https:\/\/daily.jusconnect.com\/~www\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2022_04-london-vyap-jm-blog-banner.png 1584w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is the second part of a series that discusses the implications of the Russian invasion of Ukraine under international law. 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